Glanders in horses pdf free

Cats, dogs, goats, camels and bears can also be affected and most importantly, humans can become infected by contact with infected animals. Mar 10, 2017 during the us civil war, general robert e. Other agents attempted to introduce the disease in the united states and argentina. Control of glanders requires testing of suspect clinical cases, screening of apparently normal equids, and elimination of reactors.

This disease is characterized by serial development. Jan, 2012 the bacteria that cause glanders are transmitted to humans through contact with tissues or body fluids of infected animals. Toll free phone 18774277317 toll free fax 18774277318 roderick l. The organism is closely related to the causal agent of melioidosis, burkholderia pseudomallei 3. Sage and peter timoney, the frederick van lennep chair in equine veterinary science at the university of kentuckys gluck equine research center. Glanders is primarily a disease affecting horses, but it also affects donkeys, mules, goats, dogs, and cats.

All horses in the district will be subject to a followup test 20 days after initial. Glanders has not been reported in the united states since 1945. Despite the high number of horses traced and tested, the source of the infection could not be established. The biodiversity heritage library works collaboratively to make biodiversity literature openly available to the world as part of a global biodiversity community. Glanders or farcy, caused by burkholderia mallei, is an infectious and zoonotic disease of solipeds. Melioidosis is a tropical and subtropical disease, endemic in areas lying between latitudes 20 north and south. These false positive reactions could be attributed to the fact that the latter sera were of poor. Laboratory workers and those in direct contact with infected animals have become sick with glanders. The bacteria can also be spread by fomites nonliving objects contaminated by infected animals, such as brushes, halters or harnesses.

It was first described by the greeks in 450425 bc and again by the romans in 400500 ad. Glanders from middle english glaundres or old french glandres, both meaning glands. Glanders is mainly transmitted by contact with infected horses, mules and. Serum from this patient was also highly reactive against burkholderia pseudomallei whole cells. For glanders free countries, there are recommendations on importing equines. Chronically or subclinically infected equids can shed b.

Animals are infected by ingestion of contaminated feed or water, inhalation or via open wounds. Glanders the center for food security and public health. The bacteria can also gain access through cuts, abrasions in the skin, via the eyes, or by the inhalation of the organism. Glanders is an infectious disease that is caused by the bacterium burkholderia mallei. Glanders, once common throughout the world, is a highly contagious disease caused by the bacteria burkholderia mallei. Abstract glanders is a common infectious disease of horses in certain parts of the world. For intracommunity trade, 6 months freedom from glanders is required at the. While people can get the disease, glanders is primarily a disease affecting horses. It causes suffering and inevitable death to equines, whilst threatening the livelihoods of the owners who depend on them. This had an effect on troop and supply convoys as well as on artillery movement, which were. However, formatting rules can vary widely between applications and fields of interest or study. Glanders and farcy in the horse biodiversity heritage.

Glanders is a disease caused by the bacteria, burkholderia mallei. Germany also tested 4694 horses in 2014 and 1655 horses in 2015 up to april 14 as part of routine preexport testing and no positive results were obtained, which will allow for the country to be declared free from glanders again. Etiology glanders results from infection by burkholderia mallei, a gram negative rod in the family burkholderiaceae. Horses, donkeys and mules are the only known natural reservoir of b. Human infection is very rare and requires close prolonged contact with infected animals. Glanders also known as farcy is a serious bacterial disease of primarily equidae horses, donkeys and mules but also other species may be incidentally infected including carnivores, such as cats and dogs, but do not feature in the epidemiology. Infection can also occur in dogs, cats, goats and camels. Glanders primarily affects horses, donkeys and mules although animals such as goats, dogs, and cats can be infected. Although glanders has been eradicated from most countries, it has regained the status of a re. Glanders was prevalent in the united states in the 1800s, and reportedly 3,000 horses and mules died of glanders in confederate stables in 1863 dvorak 2008.

Glanders is a disease that primarily infects horses, mules and donkeys. Since 1990 the number of glanders outbreaks in race, military and pleasure horses in asia and south america is steadily increasing. Glanders is a fatal and infectious disease of horses, donkeys and mules that is caused by burkholderia mallei, a gram. Glanders found in stray mexican donkey in texas the horse. The glanders guidelines, available as a pdf file, were coauthored for the aaeps infectious disease committee by drs. It primarily affects horses, but it can also affect mules, donkeys, goats, dogs, and cats. Major hobday has recorded in the veterinary journal for december, 1916, his experience concerning the value of the palpebral test for glanders in horses, as employed in the french army by vet. Glanders in horse veterinary medicine epidemiology. The organism is susceptible to heat, light, and disinfectants. Within 14 months of infection, the titers decreased to the baseline. May 21, 2010 melioidosis also referred to as whitmores disease and glanders are related zoonotic diseases, caused by gram negative rods, burkholderia pseudomallei and burkholderia mallei respectively.

Overview of glanders generalized conditions veterinary manual. Glanders is commonly seen among domestic animals in africa, asia, the middle east, and central and south america. Glanders is a highly contagious and often fatal zoonotic disease primarily of solipeds such as horses, mules, and donkeys. Biological warfare use due to the high mortality rate in humans and the small number of organisms required to establish infection, burkholderia mallei is regarded as a potential biological warfare bw or bioterrorism agent, as is the closely related organism, burkholderia. Glanders can be introduced into glandersfree areas by leisure or racing movement of equids. Aaep publishes glanders guidelines horse racing news. Pdf glanders or farcy, caused by burkholderia mallei, is an infectious and zoonotic disease of solipeds. Glanders in horse free download as powerpoint presentation. Pdf glanders is a common infectious disease of horses in certain parts of the world. Glanders is a potentially serious disease in humans if it isnt treated but effective treatments are available. Version adopted by the world assembly of delegates of the oie in may 20 oie terrestrial manual 2015 1 1 chapter 2. For glandersfree countries, there are recommendations on importing equines. In the eighteenthcentury veterinary hospital at the ecole nationale veterinaire dalfort, glanders was the most common disease among their equine patients and the one most likely to cause death. Aaep publishes glanders guidelines for horse owners and.

The causative agent is newly classified under the genus burkholderia and the biochemical characteristics of the bacteria are listed. Glanders was a significant problem for civilian use of horses, as well. Glanders fact sheet new york state department of health. Burkholderia mallei, zoonosis, glanders, horse, treatment. The recent articles in veterinary record on testing for glanders in equids are to be welcomed laroucou and others 2016, malik 2016. The chance of glanders being transmitted from a horse to a human is very low. The outcome of the results for the samples from glanders free horses group i in the indirect elisa was unexpected with regard to specificity tables 1 and 3, in particular in the bavarian horse samples obtained from a disease free zone.

Media in category glanders the following 9 files are in this category, out of 9 total. This is a close relative of b pseudomallei that has become adapted to life as an obligate pathogen of equines i. Burkholderia mallei, a nonmotile gramnegative bacterium, is the causative agent of contagious and fatal disease of equines known as glanders minett 1959, khan and others 20. Glanders results from infection by burkholderia mallei, a gram negative.

Horses get glanders by close contact with other infected horses. Glanders, primarily an equine disease, occurs naturally in two forms, namely acute or chronic systemic glanders, and cutaneous glanders. Human infection, although not seen in the united states since 1945, can occur rarely among laboratory workers and those in direct and prolonged contact with infected, domestic animals. Germany has reported glanders in a horse in the osnabruck region. Horses get glanders by close contact with other infected horses, especially through shared water and feed troughs oral as well as by nuzzling direct contact. Glanders causes respiratory infection and skin lesions in horses and humans. Glanders is a zoonotic disease, which means the bacteria can also infect humans through body fluids of an infected horse.

It is a rare infection in humans, even historically when it was common in horses. The disease can also be severe for hamsters and guinea pigs. The status of glanders in indonesia is declared free, but surveillance showed positive antibodies to b. It is glanders, a highly contagious bacterial equine disease that is transmittable from horses to humans and other animals. Glanders is caused by the bacterium burkholderia mallei. Glanders is a highly contagious and often fatal zoonotic disease of solipeds caused by burkholderia mallei, a gramnegative, nonmotile, and facultatively intracellular bacterium. The last confirmed case in great britain was in 1928. Glanders definition is a highly contagious and lifethreatening disease of horses and other equines such as donkeys and mules or sometimes other animals such as dogs, cats, or goats that is caused by a bacterium burkholderia mallei synonym pseudomonas mallaei, is characterized especially by fever, cough, nodular lesions that tend to rupture and ulcerate, enlarged lymph nodes, and nasal. Aug 26, 2014 glanders and farcy affect horses, donkeys, mules, and a variety of other animals. Most known bacteria of the family burkholderiaceae are soil resident. Publication date 1845 topics horses publisher london. The disease also affects other animal species and is of zoonotic importance. In the past, the disease in man has usually been contracted by direct or indirect contact with infected horses.

Glanders is a common infectious disease of horses in certain parts of the world. The merck veterinary manual has been a trusted source of animal health information for students and practicing veterinarians. Glanders is an infectious disease that occurs primarily in horses, mules, and donkeys. Glanders and the risk for its introduction through the international. Burkholderia mallei is a gramnegative, bipolar, aerobic bacterium, a human and animal pathogen of genus burkholderia causing glanders. Glanders is a contagious and fatal disease of equines, viz. Glanders and farcy in the horse by royal college of physicians of edinburgh. It persists in numerous asian, african and south american countries and can be considered a re65 emerging disease. Glanders has not been seen in the united states since. Pdf in the course of an epidemiological study of glanders on a number. Within 2 months of acquiring glanders, a patient developed 8, 16, and 4fold increases, respectively, in specific iga, igg, and igm serological titers against burkholderia mallei. The primary routes of infection are ingestion, inhalation or contamination of wounds with body fluids from other animals with glanders. During the early part of the 20th century, glanders was prevalent throughout the world and was a major problem facing the horses, riders, veterinary surgeons.

Impact on horse owners glanders is an infectious equine disease that is still prominent in parts of india today. Recently reemerging glanders is reported in several countries that have eradicated diseases such as in india, germany and china. Evaluation of recombinant proteins of burkholderia mallei. Glanders farcy in horses symptoms, causes, diagnosis. The american reformed horse book a treatise on the causes, symptoms, and cure of all diseases of the horse. Programs to eradicate the disease have been successful in many countries, including the united states. The natural hosts for b mallei are horses, donkeys and mules. It also affects donkeys and mules and can be naturally contracted by other mammals.

Definition glanders is a contagious disease caused by burkholderia mallei, a gram. The concept of an equine disease free zone edfz is an extension of the concepts of zoning and compartmentalisation already defined and described in the terrestrial code and applied by member countries. The bacteria enter the body through cuts or abrasions in the skin and through mucosal surfaces such as the eyes and nose. Glanders is a contagious bacterial disease affecting. Glanders is usually acquired from contaminated food or water. Glanders is primarily a disease affecting horses, but it also affects donkeys, mules, and can be contracted by goats, dogs, and cats. Sep 03, 20 glanders is a highly contagious and often fatal zoonotic disease primarily of solipeds such as horses, mules, and donkeys.

Glanders mostly occurs in horses, mules and donkeys. It contains authoritative guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of animal disorders and diseases. Publication date 1994 topics horses, glanders, chevaux, morve. It also affects donkeys and mules and can be naturally contracted by other mammals such as goats, dogs, and cats. Lees army of northern virginia lost the service of over 5000 horses when it swept through the horse station in lynchburg. Glanders is an infectious disease caused by the bacterium burkholderia mallei. During world war i, glanders was believed to have been spread deliberately by german agents to infect large numbers of russian horses and mules on the eastern front. It can be contracted by other animals, such as dogs, cats, goats and humans. Permanent imports require a negative preexport test taken within 21 days of export. Glanders is a contagious bacterial disease affecting primarily equidae horses, mules and donkeys and is caused by the bacterium burkholderia mallei. Jan 27, 2014 a major outbreak occurred in south africa from 1899 to 1902 during the angloboer war, causing the death of 240,000 horses dvorak 2008.

All imports must come from a territory free of glanders for at least six months. Glanders is a contagious disease caused by burkholderia pseudomonas mallei. Throughout history glanders has been known by other names including equinia, malleus, droes, and farcy 15. Awareness of emerging glanders in horses in indonesia noor. Bhl relies on donations to provide free pdf downloads and other services. Find specific details on this topic and related topics from the msd vet manual. Clinical signs of the disease vary among horses but may be manifested by cutaneous nodules. Chronic glanders can present in horses as an upper respiratory. Glanders, or farcy equinia, a specific infective and contagious disease, caused by a tissue parasite bacillus mallei, to which certain animals, chiefly the horse, ass and mule, are liable, and which is communicable from them to man. Effectiveness of an antimicrobial treatment scheme in a confined. Quarantine, cleansing and disinfection measures have been applied, and equine movement in and out of the districts have been prohibited. It is caused by infection with the bacterium burkholderia mallei. It is largely forgotten that this dreadful disease, also known in its cutaneous form as farcy, was only finally eradicated in britain in 1928. Glanders is commonly contracted by ingesting food or water contaminated with nasal discharges of carrier animals, by contact with harness components, and by ingestion of meat from affected horses.

Glanders is also considered to be a serious bioterrorist threat. An edfz can for all practical purposes be regarded as either applying the application of a disease free zone as described in chapter 4. Structural flexibility in the burkholderia mallei genome. Glanders, which is eradicated in western europe, australia and northern america, is currently considered a reemerging disease. Other than equines, small ruminants sheep and goat may also be infected if kept in close contact with glanderous horses. It may also be inhaled via infected aerosols or dust contaminated by infected animals. Learn about the veterinary topic of overview of glanders. Glanders is mainly transmitted by contact with infected horses, mules and donkeys, most often via their respiratory secretions and exudates from skin lesions. Glanders is an oielisted disease as described in the terrestrial animal health code of the. Humoral immune responses in a human case of glanders. Glanders is an infectious, highly contagious and usually fatal disease that is caused by the bacterium burkholderia mallei.